# On-chain Attestation

Note: On-chain attestation is different from TEE attestation.

On-chain attestation can be produced via Zero-Knowledge proofs or other attestation services, providing another layer of validation.

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Privacy Inference Module

Computation is built on top of the Trusted Execution Environments / TEEs (e.g. Intel SGX). It ensures the user data is processed in privacy-enhancing technologies. With a combination of remote proof, identity authentication, session key exchange and data encryption, users can be guaranteed that the execution environment is expected. Then, a TEE node can process user's data and produce the TEE attestation, which can be verified by the verification layer to make sure the execution result posted on-chain is computed in the same trusted environment where users have submitted their data.

![](https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXduDaWww73m0hmRAt87noRTwtLV-XfCPsgIqZnIoM3iZDOHJaA8fUsyEzTmL7g_whRMjDGllrX1q9K-Sz0Bm_IyRb7FQF0Qb04iqxElrT1xyJ4Xx_VT29Pv4mpT58fQ-DrPLpdf4kJpvhN0q-UuhaZUVFWj?key=BS6rHwqi1t58tng9fEultg)

Bluwhale Protocol - Computation & Training Layer

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